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Coleridge's Biographia Literaria.

Coleridge's Biographia Literaria - Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

                        Samuel Taylor Coleridge (21 October 1772 - 25 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the romantic movement in England and a member of the lake poets. he wrote the poems the rime of the ancient mariner and "Kubla khan", as well as the major prose work Biographia literaria. his critical work, especially on William Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English- speaking culture. Coleridge coined many familiar words and phrases, including suspension of disbelief. he had a major influence on ralph Waldo Emerson and on American transcendentalism. 

Q-1) Write in your words the difference between poem and prose.

Ans:- it is differentiate between poem and prose. we can see that metre or rhyme or both is used in a poem. but they are not used in prose composition. Poem's purpose is the communication of pleasure.But prose's purpose is the communication of truth . A poem must be an organic unity. But a poem can not please us if there is no organic unity.The main aim of poetry is to give pleasure.The language of poem is highly ornamental and complexity of words. While in the prose, the language is very simple and we do not find a use of rhyme and meter like poem. Prose has natural form of writing . It is very simple. In poem, it has structured form and also it is decorated by the poet. Poetry express ideas and feelings in few words which are more attractive and prose express ideas and feelings with lots of words. And sometimes , they are not more attractive as poetry has.

Q-2) Write in your words the difference between poem and poetry.

 Ans:- both of them use words. so there is no difference between a poem and a prose composition. in this respect, Coleridge says -" a poem contains the same elements as a prose composition." but one difference is to be noticed here. metre or rhyme or both is used in a poem. but they are not used in prose composition.

      One is a specific instance of the other.Means Poem is a specific instance of poetry.Poetry is a kind of tree and poem is one branch of these tree. It's all depended on imagination.

 

*IMAGINATION : 'CREATING AND RECREATING KNOWN AND SEEN IMAGES.'

There are two types of imagination.

1] primary imagination 

⇝ Uniting the objects of sense. 

2] secondary imagination 

⇝ Unifying the objects of sense with emotions and feelings.

 POETRY IS : 

-Distinction resulting from the poetic genius itself, which sustains and modifies the images, thoughts, and emotions of the poet's own mind,

-The best words in their best order ,

-Activity of poets mind 

- eg. 1] Steve jobs -I PHONE 

        2] RIGHT BROTHER,S AIRPLANE 

Both things are apt for example of poetry.Poetry is imagination of poet in which he added something and harmonies it.  

          

 poem:

-is merely one of the forms of poet's  expression

Poem is only imagination of post.

Ordinary poets can only wrote poems by their primary imaginations,whereas extra ordinary poets can write poetry and there for they need secondary imagination.And it is necessary in them. 

Thank you 

                                                                                           

Wordsworth's preface to lyrical ballads

"preface to Lyrical Ballads" by William Wordsworth's"

                  William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 - 23 April 1850) was a major English romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the romantic age in English literature with their joint publication lyrical ballads (1798) . the year 1793 saw the first publication of poems by Wordsworth, in the collections an evening walk and descriptive sketches. in 1795 he received a legacy of 900 pounds from Raisley calvert and became able to pursue a career as a poet.

 1) what is the basic difference between the poitic creed of 'Classicism' and 'Romanticism'?

    

Ans:- Romanticism and classicism they are two different ideologies or 'school of thought'. and given idea about dominance of certain things. difference between classicism and romanticism is that classicism put out restrictions, whereas romanticism believes in liberty. classicism presents urban life, whereas romanticism presents rural life. classicism believe on subjectivity and romanticism believes in objectivity. classicism is about intellectual and romanticism is about imagination. in classicism aesthetic attitude and principals manifested in the art architecture and literature if ancient Greece and Rome and characterized by emphasis on form simplicity proportion and restraint. romanticism was an artistic literary musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of 18th century.

  2)why does Wordsworth say 'what' is poet?" Rather who is poet?

Ans:- A poet is man speaking to man, a man, it is true, endued with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness. Wordsworth has greater knowledge of human nature through the emotions like observation, heightened. he also uses platonic, more comprehensive soul.  

3) What is poetic diction? which sort of poetic diction is suggested by Wordsworth in his preface?

    

Ans:- poetic diction means 'choice of word'- unique style of authors that he or she choose his or her own language, which is understood by rustic people; who closure to reality and more genuineness the language should be natural not ornamental. Wordsworth's argument is that he is interested in writing poems in lyrical ballads. and the language "as really used by men". Wordsworth also answers to Coleridge that he finds humble and rustic life, a men who closer to reality or more genuineness. Wordsworth preferred rustic men rather than city dwells.

   4) what is poetry?

Ans:- "poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings it takes origin from emotion recollected in tranquility." poetry is to teach moral lesson with a feeling of delight. it is to give instruction and delight by connecting people with the poet and his imagination.

5) Discuss 'Daffodils - I wandered lonely as a cloud' with reference to Wordsworth's poetic creed....

Ans:- "I wandered as a lonely cloud....." 

            Daffodils is the best example of 

Wordsworth's definition of poetry "poetry is a spontaneous overflow of a powerful feeling, recollected in tranquility".

many times, we capture beauty of nature by our eyes, but we cannot recollect and express that delight in tranquility. Wordsworth does this amazingly. he enjoys the nature and represents it beautifully. we can say nature is at its best in this poetry. delight of a particular moment and it's memory are represented all together.

Thank you 

  

 

  

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

                        Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie born on 15 September 1977 is a Nigerian novelist, writer of short stories, and nonfiction.

• Her collection :-

       Novels :-

• purple hibiscus (2003)
• Half of a yellow sun (2006)
• Americamah (2013)

      Short story :-

• The thing around your neck (2009)

1) Talks on important of story / literature


                in 2008,adichie was awarded a macarthur genius grant. she was described in the times literary supplement as "the most prominent" of a " procession of critically acclaimed young Anglophone authors is succeeding in attracting a new generation of readers to Africa literature." her most recent book, dear ljeawele, or a feminist manifesto in fifteen suggestions, was published in march 2017. According to me chimamanda Adiche's speaking skills is wonderful and she speaks very clearly. in this vedio chimamanda adiche  talls the story of how she found her authentic cultural voice and warns that if we hear only a single story of about another person or country. she talks about many things like: character, novel, books, coutry, place, culture, nature, she talks about "the things fall apart" written by chinua achebe. 


2) We should all be feminist


                We should all be feminists is a book-length essay by the Nigerian author chimamanda ngozi adichie. first published in 2014 by fourth estate, it aims to give a definition of feminism for the 21st century. we should all be feminists includes anecdotes and analyses about what it means to be a feminist. she argues that "feminist" isn't an insult, but rather a label that should be embraced by all. second video about the feminism. a very interesting talk on feminism that how social norms discriminate woman from men.

• she talked about physical differences. but that is not important.
• but masculine leads more than the creative, innovative.
• people told boy to be hard, not to feel fear.
• for the society a woman fails in marriage it means personal failure.
• weight of gender expectations
• socialization of gender roles
• caring child is responsibility of both man and woman.
• female should not be apologise to be  female.
• in marriage for man it sacrificing of clubs where as for woman it islike giving up of all the things.
• man has to think more than woman
• culture subordinates the woman but people makes culture.

3) Talk on important of truth in post truth era

•  Chimamanda adichie talk on truth and lie.
•  Truth is more important.
•  she shares her experience of lying in hospital in front of a    doctor about her height.
•  another is about traffic.
•  develop a courage to speak truth...
•  lie in politics consider as appropriate in America.
•  courage to embrace the truth
•  telling truth not because it always work out but you sleep well at night.
•  bending towards truth and to air on the side of truth.
•  not stop self to telling truth.
•  in politics telling truth will be courageous act.
•  never silence your self out of fear that the truth you speak might provoke.
• listen to the other side at least the reasonable other side.
• keep on trying if it doesn't work out try something else.
•  importance of self doubt and self belief.   

Thank you

  

Activity on Dryden's Essay

 

Q-1)  Do You Find any difference between Aristotle's definition of tragedy and Dryden's definition of play? 

Ans :- Yes there is vast difference between Aristotle's definition of tragedy and Dryden's definition of the play.

• Definition of tragedy :-

                    "Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in the language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; though pity and fear effecting the proper purgation-catharsis of these and similar emotions".

• Definition of play :-

                     just and lively image of human nature, representing its passions and humors, and the changes of fortune to which it is subject, for the delight and instruction of mankind. it is not slavish imitation, but imaginative creation that Dryden means by 'just' and 'lively' image of human nature.

Q 2)  If you are supposed to give your personal prediction,

would you be on the side of the Ancient or the modern? 

Ans :- This question is as-who comes first chicken or egg ? it is really hard to take side of any one, because 'nobody is better in one or another way they are better in their own way'. ancients established the three unities. ancients haven't any models before them but in the side of modern they are standing on the shoulders of ancient. moderns are following classical and neo- classicals. both have their own limitations like in ancient tragedians are separate from comedians whereas in moderns same person can rome between tragedy and comedy also ancients were also did not follow their own views like three unities etc.


Q-3) Do you think that the arguments presented in favor of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate?


Ans :-  yes I think the arguments presented in favor of the English play against French plays are appropriate because, in English play with 3 unity emotion, seriousness have come the play have the subplot.


Q-4) What would be your preference so far as apoetic or prosaic dialogues are concerned in the play?


Ans :- I like poetry because dialogues of poetry are psychological and gives better understanding of human nature and the work of human mind. but it is also true that poetic language is hard to understand, for illiterate also and prosaic dialogues are easy to understand by every people.








Thank you

 

Edmund Spenser

                         Edmund Spenser was born in 1552 London. Edmund Spenser was probably the son of john Spenser. as a young boy, he was educated in London at the merchant taylors' school and matriculated as a Sizar at Pembroke college, Cambridge. while at Cambridge he became a friend of Gabriel Harvey and later consulted him, despite their differing views on poetry.    

                       In july 1580, Spenser went to Ireland in service of the newly appointed lord deputy, Arthur grey, 14th baron de wilton. some time between 1587 and 1589, spenser acquired his main estate at kilcolman, near doneraile in north cork.
             In 1590, Spenser brought out the first three books of his most famous work, the faerie queene, having travelled to London to publish and promote the work, with the likely assistance of Raleigh.
            Spenser's first wife had died, and in that year he married Elizabeth Boyle, who was much younger than him, possible his native county.in 1596, Spenser wrote a prose pamphlet titled a view of the present state of Ireland.in 1598, during the nine years war, Spenser was driven from his home by the native irish forces of Aodh o Neill. his castle at kilcolman was burned, and ben Jonson, who may have had private information, asserted that one of his infant children died in the blaze.
           In the year after being driven from his home, 1599, Spenser travelled to London, where he died at the age of forty-six "for want of bread", according to ben Jonson one of Jonson's more doubtful statements, since Spenser had a payment to him Authorised by the government and was due his pension. his second wife survived him and remarried twice. his sister Sarah, who had accompanied him to Ireland, married into the travers family, and her descendants were prominent landowners in cork for centuries.


                       Minor poem :                        
                            Next to his masterpiece the Shepherd's calendar   (  1579 ) is the best known for Spenser's poem. It consists of twelve pastoral poem.

                         His theme of writing are generally rural life, nature, love in the field.
       
                Other noteworthy poems are " Mother Hubbard's tale" a satire on society. "Astrophel" an elegy on the death of Sidney , the marriage hymn " Epithalamion " and four "Hymns " on love, beauty, heavenly love and heavenly beauty.

Characteristics of his poetry :

    1. A perfect melody.
    2. A rare sense of beauty.
    3. A splendid imagination.
    4. A lofty moral purity and  seriousness.                         
     5. A delicate idealism.
   
           Because of his contribution in English literature we can say that in true manner he is poet of poet.

  
 

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